70 years of bilirubin sensing: Towards the point-of- care bilirubin monitoring in cirrhosis and hyperbilirubinemia

Abstract

Bilirubin is clinically confirmed as a biomarker for liver health and has been utilized to implement the prognostic systems for cirrhosis and hyperbilirubinemia. Optical and chemical methods have been developed and are widely used to determine blood bilirubin levels within clinical settings. However, due to their instrument complexity, high cost, and space requirements, the existing bilirubinometric technologies do not lend themselves to point-of-care (PoC) applications within the community settings or for real-time monitoring. Consequently, bilirubin monitoring can only be monitored intermittently, resulting in missed episodes that may otherwise require clinical interventions. This review p..